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High-speed analog switching is essential in systems where signal integrity, bandwidth, and reliability cannot be compromised. Linear Systems’ DMOS High-Speed Switches  are designed to provide fast, low-distortion switching with the stability required in precision applications. Key Advantages of DMOS High-Speed Switches Fast switching speeds  – Turn-on times as low as 1 ns and turn-off times around 3 ns. Low on-resistance (RON)  – Minimizes signal loss and distortion, improving overall system accuracy. Low charge injection and low leakage  – Ensures clean signal transitions with minimal artifacts. Wide bandwidth operation  – Suitable for applications extending into RF and video frequencies. High off-isolation  – Reduces crosstalk between channels in complex switching systems. Typical Applications These characteristics make DMOS high-speed switches an excellent choice for: Video and RF routing  – Preserving signal fidelity in high-frequency paths. Data acquisition systems  – Used in multiplexers, sample-and-hold circuits, and front-end switching for A/D converters. Programmable filters and signal conditioning  – Allowing reconfigurable designs without introducing switching artifacts. Video overlay and instrumentation  – Adding signals to analog video streams cleanly, without visible distortion. Audio switching and de-glitching  – Quiet, low-distortion switching in sensitive analog audio paths. Example: SD5000 Series The SD5000 Series  from Linear Systems illustrates the advantages of this technology: Quad N-channel lateral DMOS FET switch Zener diode protection for improved reliability Pin-for-pin replacement for legacy Siliconix parts Available in PDIP, SOIC, ceramic, or as bare die for hybrid modules Screening and test options are available for applications requiring additional reliability. Summary DMOS High-Speed Switches combine low on-resistance, high speed, and low charge injection  to deliver reliable analog switching for video, RF, data acquisition, and audio systems. For engineers designing high-performance instrumentation or communication equipment, they provide a proven and stable solution where signal fidelity is critical. Want to See DMOS High Speed Switches in Action? We’re offering free samples  to qualified engineers who want to evaluate our DMOS line—or other Linear Systems parts—in their own designs. 👉 Request Your Sample Here Have technical questions, need a quote, or looking for more information? Our engineers are here to help: 📞 Call us at (510) 490-9160 or   📧 Email support@linearsystems.com

Revisiting Ray Marston’s Classic Analog Designs Through a Modern Lens In Part 4 of Ray Marston’s Op-Amp Cookbook , the spotlight turns to instrumentation and test-gear circuits—power supplies, reference generators, and low-drift amplifiers that form the backbone of precision analog design. First published in Nuts & Volts  in 2001, these designs showcase the versatility of the then-ubiquitous 741 op-amp. Today, these same circuit principles remain essential. By pairing timeless architectures with Linear Systems’ ultra-low-noise JFETs, designers can achieve cleaner signals, more stable outputs, and more efficient performance in modern applications. Classic Circuits: From Variable Supplies to Overload Protection Marston introduced a series of clever instrumentation designs, including: A variable 3–15 V power supply : Built around the 741 op-amp, with a Zener-based 3 V reference and gain control via potentiometer. A power-boosted version : Using Darlington emitter followers to deliver higher current capability. An auto-protected design : Adding automatic overload detection to safeguard both circuit and load. These simple but powerful concepts highlighted how feedback, gain control, and reference generation can be combined into reliable analog building blocks. Modern Upgrades with Linear Systems FETs Where the 741 once reigned, today’s precision circuits can benefit from Linear Systems’ advanced JFET portfolio. Design Challenge Modern Solution with Linear Systems Devices Noise and Drift Devices like the LSK170  and LSK389  deliver industry-leading low noise and thermal stability, ensuring clean and reliable voltage rails. Temperature Stability Thermally matched dual JFETs maintain consistent gain across varying conditions—critical for calibration, sensing, and test gear. Efficiency and Footprint FET-based current stages can replace bulky Darlington pairs, reducing heat dissipation and improving efficiency. Fine-Grained Control Wide IDSS binning and flexible packaging make bias networks easier to optimize for modern compact designs. A Real-World Example Imagine updating Marston’s variable power supply with a Linear Systems FET front-end : Use an LSK170  to generate a clean, stable reference input. Pair it with a precision modern op-amp for ultra-low drift regulation. Replace Darlington emitter followers with a FET-based pass element, yielding higher output current in a smaller footprint. Add smart overload protection using FET-based sensing for safe, reliable operation. The result? A compact, efficient precision supply that outperforms the original while staying true to its elegant design. Why These Designs Still Matter Fundamentals endure : The principles of feedback, reference control, and gain remain cornerstones of analog design. Versatility : Precision power supplies and test circuits are still indispensable in labs, sensing systems, and instrumentation. Performance gains : Modern JFETs unlock stability, noise reduction, and efficiency that weren’t possible when the Cookbook was first written. Closing the Cookbook As we wrap up this four-part series revisiting Ray Marston’s Op-Amp Cookbook , it’s clear that analog design remains as relevant as ever. Classic circuits provide the blueprint, but Linear Systems devices transform them into high-performance solutions for today’s designers. Whether you’re building test gear, reference supplies, or precision measurement tools, our low-noise JFETs—like the LSK170  and LSK389 —deliver the accuracy and reliability modern innovation demands. 👉 Explore our product portfolio here  and discover how Linear Systems can power your next design.

From ocean exploration to naval defense, underwater acoustics  plays a critical role in how we detect, communicate, and navigate beneath the surface. Sound travels further and faster in water than in air, making it the most effective tool for underwater sensing and communication. Whether it’s tracking submarines, mapping the ocean floor, or monitoring marine life, underwater acoustic technologies rely on one key element: precise signal amplification. At the heart of these systems are operational amplifiers (op amps)  and JFETs —components where Linear Systems  specializes in delivering unmatched precision and low-noise performance. Why Amplification Matters in Underwater Acoustics All underwater acoustic systems—whether passive  (listening for sound) or active  (emitting a signal and analyzing the response)—require one common step: amplifying the signal . Without amplification, sonar echoes would be too faint to interpret. Hydrophones wouldn’t be able to detect the subtle calls of marine life. Underwater modems couldn’t transmit reliable communication signals. That’s why every sonar, hydrophone, or acoustic modem must contain an amplifier circuit. And for decades, op amps and JFETs  have been the proven building blocks of those circuits. Applications Driving the Market Underwater acoustics encompasses a wide range of technologies: Sonobuoys  – Small, expendable sonar devices deployed from aircraft or ships for anti-submarine warfare and acoustic research. Towed Arrays  – Long cables lined with hydrophones, pulled behind submarines or ships for wide-area detection. Hydrophones  – Specialized underwater microphones used in defense, oil & gas exploration, environmental monitoring, and research. Sonar Systems  – Active detection systems emitting sound pulses to map, navigate, or locate underwater targets. Underwater Modems  – Acoustic communication systems enabling data transfer between autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and control stations. Underwater Transducers  – Converters of electrical energy into acoustic signals (and vice versa) that power sonar, navigation, and communication. Each of these systems depends on precision analog circuitry  to interpret faint underwater signals. Where Linear Systems Fits In Linear Systems  manufactures ultra-low-noise JFETs, precision op amps, and high-reliability small-signal semiconductors  that are designed for demanding applications like underwater acoustics. JFETs (e.g., LSK170, LSK389, LSJ74) Ideal for front-end amplification in hydrophones and sonar systems, where ultra-low noise and high input impedance are critical. Op Amps (e.g., LS358, LS844) Deliver stable, low-distortion amplification essential for processing weak underwater signals in both defense and industrial applications. Custom Analog Solutions With decades of expertise in analog semiconductor design, Linear Systems partners with engineers developing advanced sonar, modem, and transducer systems to provide optimized component solutions. Trusted Across Industries Defense contractors, marine research institutes, oil & gas exploration firms, and communications innovators depend on high-performance underwater acoustic systems. Leading manufacturers across the U.S., Europe, and Asia are advancing the field—but all rely on one common foundation: the ability to process faint underwater signals with precision. That’s where Linear Systems parts make the difference. Explore More Whether you’re designing the next-generation sonobuoy  or developing a low-noise hydrophone array , Linear Systems’ analog semiconductor portfolio  provides the performance and reliability needed for the underwater acoustic market. 👉 Explore our full line of JFETs, op amps, and precision semiconductors  at www.linearsystems.com .

In our previous blog, we explored the practical side of Part 2—linear amplifiers and active filters—and how modern devices like the LSK389 elevate those foundational circuits. Now, let’s turn the page to Part 3  of Ray Marston’s Op‑Amp Cookbook , where he dives into oscillator and switching applications of classic op‑amps such as the 741 or 3140—timeless designs that still hum with relevance today. From 741 Oscillators to Modern Stability Part 3 guides us through using op‑amps as sinewave oscillators by arranging them as linear amplifiers with feedback through frequency-selective networks. The key is to ensure zero phase shift  and unity loop gain  at the desired frequency—conditions essential for clean and stable oscillation. The celebrated Wien‑bridge oscillator  is a prime example. Marston explains that with a symmetrically arranged R–C network (R1 = R2, C1 = C2), the bridge outputs zero phase shift at the center frequency  f0=12πRC  f_0 = \frac{1}{2\pi RC} , while the network’s gain is about ⅓. By configuring an op‑amp with a feedback gain of ~3, the circuit achieves the necessary loop gain of 1 for sustained oscillation. Elevating Oscillators with Linear Systems FETs At Linear Systems, we’re always aiming to bring timeless analog topologies into peak modern performance. Here’s how our JFETs can enhance these oscillator circuits: Low Noise & Drift Oscillators are sensitive to component noise and thermal drift—two areas where our LSK389  and LSK170  shine. Their ultra-low noise and excellent matching help preserve waveform purity and stability. Diverse Biasing Options Our LSK170 series , with its wide IDSS binning and packaging flexibility (TO‑92, SOT‑23, etc.), makes it easy to tailor bias circuits for stable gain control in Wien‑bridge designs. Higher Drive & Linearity The robustness of our FETs ensures better linear amplification, reducing distortion and enhancing harmonic fidelity in oscillator output—a boon for precision audio or sensing applications. Compact, High-Speed Feedback Compact dual FETs like the LSK389  allow tight, low-capacitance feedback implementations, ideal for high-frequency oscillator designs seeking compactness and agility. Why Classic Circuitry Still Matters Just as with Part 2, Part 3’s designs aren’t relics—they’re templates that still power modern design: Educational Clarity The Wien-bridge oscillator offers an intuitive understanding of feedback, phase, and gain—concepts crucial for analog design and control systems. Modern Circuit Building Blocks Oscillators remain essential in clock generation, modulation circuits, sensor drivers, and sound synthesis. High-Fidelity Potential Marrying these classic topologies with modern low-noise devices like LSK170 or LSK389 transforms simple analog circuits into high-performance modern solutions. Bringing the Concepts to Life Imagine swapping the traditional 741 in Marston’s Wien-bridge with an LSK170-based FET front-end  for superior noise performance, followed by a precision op-amp gain stage for clean, low-distortion oscillation. Or design a compact, high-frequency oscillator where the low capacitance of the LSK389  preserves waveform integrity while maintaining thermal matching. Final Thoughts Analog design isn’t fading—it’s transforming. Ray Marston’s Op-Amp Cookbook Part 3  offers foundational oscillator and switching designs that continue to educate, inspire, and serve critical roles in modern electronics. By integrating Linear Systems’ ultra-low noise, stable FETs, these classic circuits can perform better than ever—bridging theoretical beauty with real-world excellence. Isn’t that the analog engineer’s playbook in action? Explore our device portfolio HERE and see how Linear Systems components can elevate oscillator and switching circuits in your own designs.

A Breakthrough in Measuring Low-Level Thermal Noise In the recent ORNL technical memo, the Amplifiers Module Prototype emerges as a vital innovation. It offers a new way to measure ultra-low-level thermal noise. This prototype is not just another circuit; it's a precise front-end circuit designed for high-performance outcomes. Key Features of the Amplifiers Module Prototype This prototype incorporates several advanced technologies that enhance its performance: Dual-channel preamplifier chains : These chains are engineered with extremely low inherent noise. They provide high gain while preserving the integrity of micrometer-scale Johnson noise from RTD sensors. Differential amplifier/filter stage : This feature is essential for suppressing common-mode interference. It maximizes the fidelity of the signal, ensuring that the measurement is as accurate as possible. Autocorrelation across parallel channels : This innovative approach effectively rejects uncorrelated amplifier noise. By isolating the true thermometric signal, it enhances overall measurement reliability. Impact on Temperature Measurements 🏆 This design supports ORNL’s mission to achieve high-accuracy thermodynamic temperature measurements. The advancements made with the Amplifiers Module Prototype significantly boost the precision and reliability of Johnson Noise Thermometry. Applications of Johnson Noise Thermometry Johnson Noise Thermometry (JNT) is a powerful technique used in various fields. Some of the prominent applications include: Fundamental Research : JNT provides essential temperature measurements in fundamental physics experiments. It is especially useful where traditional thermometers fail. Cryogenics : Accurate temperature measurements are pivotal in cryogenic applications. JNT helps to maintain optimal conditions in superconductors and other materials. Material Science : Researchers utilize JNT for exploring material properties at very low temperatures. This method offers unprecedented insights into the thermal properties of new materials. Future Directions As research progresses, we can expect further advancements in the technology behind Johnson Noise Thermometry. Continuous improvements in electronic components and signal processing will likely lead to even more precise measurements. Conclusion The Amplifiers Module Prototype represents a significant leap forward in thermal noise measurement. By implementing advanced features, this innovative system ups the ante in achieving reliable temperature measurements. For those interested in further details, be sure to check the full report here . By enhancing our tools for measuring ultra-low-level thermal noise, we pave the way for breakthroughs in science and engineering. This technology is crucial for both present and future applications, supporting various disciplines with improved measurement capabilities.

If you're looking to preserve your guitar's tone over long cables or through multiple pedals, a JFET buffer  is an ideal first step. It's a simple, low-noise solution that matches the high impedance of your pickups to the rest of your signal chain. Here's how it works and how to build one. 🎛️ How It Works Input coupling and RF filter (R1, C1):  These components block DC and filter out unwanted high-frequency noise. Biasing network (R2–R6):  Sets the JFET’s operating point around half the supply voltage for optimal performance. JFET source-follower (Q1):  Provides near-unity voltage gain, incredibly high input impedance, and low output impedance. Output coupling & load (C3, R4):  Removes DC and ensures clean transitions. The common design uses JFETs like the 2N5457 , J201 , or MPF102 , and operates on a 9 V supply. 🔧 Building Tips from Stompville Use any general-purpose JFET—2N5457, J201, MPF102—with the same pinout ( stompville.co.uk , muzique.com ). Input impedance is set by R2; values up to 10 MΩ are acceptable. Bias current around 70–200 µA (via R3 and a current source bias) ensures low power draw and transparency. Adjust R1/C1 for your preferred RF cutoff—it defaults around 33 kHz at 4.7 kΩ and 470 pF ( stompville.co.uk ). 🛠 Parts List (Typical Values) Component Value Description R1 4.7 kΩ Input RF filter resistor C1 470 pF RF filter capacitor R2 680 kΩ – 2 MΩ Bias voltage divider R3 4.7 kΩ Sets JFET source-bias current R4 680 kΩ Output load R5, R6 1 MΩ each Gate-source biasing C2, C3 10–47 µF Input, output coupling Q1 JFET (2N5457 etc.) Core buffer transistor 📌 Why Use a JFET Buffer? High input impedance  protects your pickup tone. Low output impedance  drives long runs or pedal chains effectively. Zero gain  – no added coloration, just clean signal preservation. Low noise and power consumption —perfect for pedalboard integration. 🧰 Learn More & Build Yours Stompville’s guide and schematic : great step-by-step build article ( stompville.co.uk , pedalpcb.com , effectpedalkits.com , diyeffectspedals.com , circuitdiagram.co , effectpedalkits.com , muzique.com , forum.pedalpcb.com ). EffectPedalKits overview  with J113-based variant and theory ( effectpedalkits.com ). dpFX Pedals  shows a clean hand-drawn version using 2N5458 ( dpeffects.com ). Simple JFET Buffer board  from PedalPCB if you're looking for convenience ( pedalpcb.com ). 🔗 References Stompville – JFET Guitar/Instrument Buffer  (schematic image above) ( stompville.co.uk ) EffectPedalKits – JFET Buffer tutorial  ( effectpedalkits.com ) dpFX – JFET Buffer/preamp schematic  ( dpeffects.com ) PedalPCB – Simple JFET Buffer module  ( pedalpcb.com ) ✅ Ready to Build! Much of the magic lies in sourcing a good JFET and drilling a couple of biasing resistors to hit ~½ Vcc at the source.

In radar systems, even nanoseconds can be too slow. Our SD5400 quad switch  is engineered for peak performance when every picosecond counts. It delivers sub-nanosecond switching  in a compact form—ideal for precision applications like high-speed radar tracking. Key Advantages Ultra-fast switching : t_ON/t_OFF ≤ 1 ns — ideal for high-frequency digital and analog routing. Low capacitance, low loss : Input QrSS ~0.5 pF, enabling clean signal paths with minimal distortion. Robust analog handling : Supports ±10 V analog signals with low RDS(on) (~75 Ω @ VGS = 5 V). Defense-grade reliability : Bidirectional, zener‑protected gates and comprehensive ESD protection ensure ruggedness for harsh environments. Why It Matters Radar and many other systems rely on split-second precision: Sub-ns switching  removes signal latency, improving tracking accuracy and system responsiveness. X‑axis signal integrity —with low capacitance, these switches reduce insertion loss and maintain clean waveforms across chained paths. Compact, rugged packaging  supports tight board constraints and meets military and aerospace standards. Get Started with Linear Systems’ SD5400 Trusted by high end test & measurement, instrumentation, space, military, medical, audio, sensor and many other equipment manufacturers. Request your evaluation samples now  to experience the SD5400’s exceptional performance firsthand. 🔗 Request samples today: Linear Systems: Specialized Electronic Components Provider For full specs, download the datasheet (PDF): SD5000 Series With the SD5400, your radar and PGM systems get the responsiveness and reliability they demand. Reach out today for technical support or custom screening options—we’re here to help your mission-critical designs succeed.

In March 2021, NASA published a pivotal report— NASA/TM‑20210009960 —evaluating Linear Systems’ dual N-channel Junction Field-Effect Transistors, the LSK389 and LSK489 , under conditions that mimic the harsh radiation environment of space. The study assessed both Total Ionizing Dose (TID)  effects at cryogenic temperature (−65 °C) and Single-Event Latchup (SEL) vulnerability under heavy ion exposure. With their application in sensitive space missions like the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI) on the PACE spacecraft, confirming these JFETs’ resilience is critical. Test Objectives & Rationale The tests aimed to: Determine if high-energy heavy ions could induce “latchup”—a destructive form of failure—despite the shared substrate between the JFET pairs, which could behave like a parasitic p–n–p–n structure. Evaluate long-term exposure to gamma radiation (TID), up to tens of krad(Si), with the transistors operated at −65 °C to simulate real-world space thermal conditions. Experimental Setup SEL Testing : Conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab’s 88-inch cyclotron using intense 1,039 MeV silver ions (LET 48.15 MeV·cm²/mg). Both “substrate bonded to drain” and “floating substrate” configurations were tested at room temperature—conservatively more challenging than the target −65 °C. TID Exposure : Performed at NASA Goddard’s Radiation Effects Facility. Each JFET variant was irradiated in steps (1, 3, 6, 12, 25 krad(Si)), with devices kept biased and cold. Parametric measurements (drain current IDS, gate leakage IGS) were taken before and after each dose. Key Findings SEL Immunity : No high-current latchup occurred during aggressive heavy-ion testing—even with floating substrates and at room temperature. Given the harsher testing conditions, the parts are effectively SEL-immune at actual mission temperatures. TID Performance : Up to 25 krad(Si), both JFETs maintained electrical performance within specifications. Minor parameter shifts were attributed to measurement noise rather than degradation. Detailed Results The report includes extensive parametric tracking—IDS and IGS over key voltage operating points across each dose step. It notes that variations observed after ~6 krad(Si), which is the qualification dose for OCI, fell within expected noise bounds, with averages used to present robust results. Conductively and non-conductively bonded samples performed statistically the same. Implications for Space Applications SEL Immunity : The absence of latchup in even the most vulnerable substrate configuration under heavy-ion bombardment is compelling evidence of the JFETs’ safety for space missions. TID Durability : Stable performance through relevant radiation doses confirms their suitability for long-duration scientific instruments and deep-space missions. Design Confidence : Engineers can rely on these JFETs for precision front-end amplification in high-reliability systems, knowing radiation-induced failures are highly unlikely. Conclusion NASA’s exhaustive testing of the LSK389 and LSK489 demonstrates that both JFETs are well-suited for demanding space environments. Their combined resilience to SEL and TID effects positions them as strong candidates for use in sensitive instrumentation, such as low-noise photodiode readouts and scientific payloads aboard satellites. For a deeper dive into the data or experimental methodologies, the full technical memorandum (NASA/TM‑20210009960) is publicly available via the NASA Technical Reports Server ( ntrs.nasa.gov ).

At Linear Integrated Systems, we love shining a spotlight on JFET technology and the classic analog circuits that showcase its unique advantages. This week for #FETFriday, we're highlighting one of the most fundamental JFET configurations: the Common-Source Amplifier . What is a Common-Source JFET Amplifier? The common-source amplifier is a go-to building block in analog design. Much like the common-emitter stage in a BJT amplifier, this configuration offers voltage gain  and is known for its high input impedance , low noise characteristics , and simplicity . It uses an N-channel JFET with the source terminal grounded (hence "common source") and the signal applied to the gate. A load resistor is placed at the drain, and biasing resistors ensure the transistor operates in its active region. Here’s a simplified schematic from Electronics-Tutorials.ws : Key Components: N-Channel JFET  (such as the LSK170 or LSK389 for low-noise applications) Bias resistors  to set gate voltage Source resistor  for stability (can be bypassed with a capacitor for increased gain) Drain resistor  as the load Why Use a JFET in This Configuration? JFETs offer an exceptionally high input impedance—ideal for buffering sensitive analog signals. When configured as a common-source amplifier, the JFET’s low gate leakage and voltage-controlled nature allow for clean signal amplification with minimal distortion. At Linear Systems, our parts like the LSK389 , LSK170 , and LSJ74  are optimized for low-noise and precision audio or instrumentation designs—making them excellent choices for this topology. Applications You’ll find this configuration in: Audio preamplifiers Sensor front ends High-impedance measurement circuits Low-noise RF circuits Learn More To dive deeper into the operation and theory behind the Common-Source JFET Amplifier, check out the full article:👉 Common-Source JFET Amplifier – Electronics-Tutorials.ws Got a favorite JFET design or a question about our parts? Drop a comment or connect with us!Stay tuned for more analog fun next #FETFriday!

In the world of electronics, precision and reliability are key. One of the unsung heroes that helps ensure smooth, distortion-free operation is the bipolar transistor. These small yet mighty devices play a pivotal role in amplifying or switching electrical signals across a variety of applications, from audio systems to power electronics. At Linear Systems, we have been pushing the boundaries of innovation in transistor technology since 1984, providing engineers with high-quality solutions for their most demanding designs. In this blog post, we’ll dive into the features, benefits, and diverse applications of our bipolar transistors, exploring how they are used in everything from cutting-edge audio systems to advanced communication devices. What Makes Linear Systems' Bipolar Transistors Stand Out? Low Noise and High Gain When it comes to precision electronics, few things matter more than noise and gain. Linear Systems’ bipolar transistors are engineered with both low noise and high gain, which makes them ideal for applications where signal clarity is critical, such as audio amplifiers. Whether you’re designing a high-fidelity audio system or a sensitive sensor, these transistors ensure that even the faintest signals are amplified with minimal distortion. High Current Handling Another standout feature is their ability to handle high currents. This capability is particularly beneficial in power electronics, where maintaining efficiency and thermal management is crucial. By handling large currents with ease, our bipolar transistors provide the stable performance needed for power supplies, motor control circuits, and more. The Real-World Benefits of Linear Systems’ Bipolar Transistors Enhanced Signal Quality and Better Performance Thanks to their low noise and high gain properties, our bipolar transistors significantly improve signal quality, which is crucial in communication systems. In the world of modern electronics, even the smallest distortion can lead to significant issues. Our transistors help eliminate that problem, ensuring that your circuits perform at their best, every time. Power Efficiency and Longevity In today’s energy-conscious world, efficient power management is more important than ever. Our bipolar transistors not only manage power effectively but also help reduce overall power consumption. This results in longer battery life for portable devices and a more sustainable use of energy in larger systems. It's the perfect balance of power and performance. Versatile Applications Across Industries Our bipolar transistors are trusted in a variety of applications, providing engineers with the flexibility and reliability they need to tackle a wide range of challenges. Some of the key areas they excel in include: Audio Amplifiers and Preamplifiers : For pristine sound quality and low distortion. Power Supplies : Ensuring stable voltage and current for sensitive electronics. Switching Circuits : Reliable and fast switching for efficient circuit control. Motor Control Circuits : Perfect for precise motor speed and direction control. LED Drivers : Ensuring the efficient operation of LED-based systems. Moreover, these transistors are a staple in communication systems, from radios to cell phones, ensuring that your devices operate smoothly with optimal signal clarity. Conclusion: Trust Linear Systems for Superior Performance When you choose Linear Systems’ bipolar transistors, you're opting for unmatched quality, reliability, and performance. From their low noise and high gain characteristics to their ability to handle high currents, our transistors are built to deliver the best in every application. Whether you’re designing a sophisticated audio system or a cutting-edge communication device, you can rely on our bipolar transistors to meet your needs and exceed your expectations. Ready to take your design to the next level? Explore our Bipolar Transistors  and discover how they can optimize the performance of your next electronic project. Explore Our Bipolar Transistors: Click here to view our full range of bipolar transistors and see how they can enhance your designs.

In July 2002, Tape Op featured Scott Hampton’s ultra-simple, ultra-musical DIY JFET Mic Preamp , a solid-state marvel emulating tube-like warmth without the hassles of high-voltage supplies. Hampton called it a "solid‑state tube"—a nod to how closely a JFET can mimic the behavior and sonic character of a triode. ( Tape Op ) Figure 1 – The “Solid‑State Tube” Figure 1 juxtaposes a classic N-channel JFET class-A stage with a triode tube amplifier. They’re functionally identical: both offer high input impedance, soft saturation, and effortless gain. In Blind A/B comparisons, many listeners preferred the JFET version, praising its clean highs and tight bass—even alongside the tube circuit. ( Tape Op ) Why it matters:  It visually demonstrates why we love using JFETs like LSK189/389  in audio—organic response without the complexity of tube gear. Figure 2 – The Build‑Ready JFET Module Figure 2 transitions from theory to application. It’s the complete circuit: JFET (e.g. 2N5457, or better—LSK189/LSK389) 15 kΩ drain resistor to 9–24 V supply 50 Ω unbypassed source resistor + 470 µF bypass —cuts 3rd harmonic by ~20 dB NPN Darlington buffer (MPSA14 / ZTX653)  for low-impedance output Coupling capacitor  on output to block DC offset Approximately +26 dB gain , with high input impedance (~1 MΩ) ( diyAudio , Tape Op ) This design gives a clean gain stage with a mild but useful amount of JFET-driven harmonic coloration. The voltage-follower stage ensures you can drive downstream gear with confidence. Applications & Advantages 1. Microphone Preamp Stack two of these modules, add a mic transformer and gain pot—voilà, a rich, transformer-balanced mic preamp. The high input impedance works wonders with ribbon, electret, and piezo mics. 2. Guitar/Instrument Preamp Just one stage with output pot transforms a guitar pickup into an amp-ready signal—class-A mojo in pedal-friendly format. 3. Sonic Character & Distortion Control Staging multiple modules or subtly increasing gain introduces pleasing saturation. The 50 Ω unbypassed Rs tempers highs, taming harsh harmonics while retaining clarity. Many DIYers build dual-stage versions with level controls on each for saturation orchestration. ( Tape Op , GroupDIY Audio Forum ) Supercharge With Linear Systems JFETs Replace  generic FETs with LSK189  (single) or LSK389  (matched dual) for exceptional performance: low noise (~0.9 nV/√Hz), low leakage, and superb frequency response. Why switch?  The stock 2N5457 offers a great starting point, but LSK-series JFETs bring studio-grade sound, especially beneficial for ribbon mics and piezo pickups. 💡 Learn More & Resources Original Tape Op 2002 Article  detailing Figures 1 & 2 and timestamped examples: “DIY JFET Mic Pre: Build Your Own Studio Preamp”  by Scott Hampton. ( Gearspace , Tape Op ) Hamptone kits (HJFP1/HJFP2)  – built around this JFET module: learn via Ralf Kleemann’s build log. ( kleeworld.de ) Reviews  – from gearspaces like Gearspace/GroupDIY: users praise its mojo and clean-to-gritty transition. ( Gearspace ) Linear Systems JFET catalog  – explore datasheets for LSK189 and LSK389 at linearsystems.com

Designing ultra-low-noise circuits often means balancing trade-offs between gain, distortion, and complexity. One proven technique for minimizing noise in differential amplifier stages is the use of cascode structures. Below, we explore three cascode variations and how each impacts noise performance and distortion. (a) Bipolar Cascode – Highest Noise In this configuration, a bipolar transistor is used in the cascode stage. While effective in many designs, the high base current of bipolar devices introduces significant noise. This makes it the noisiest of the three structures. (b) JFET Cascode – Lower Noise Replacing the bipolar transistor with a JFET greatly reduces input current, thanks to the JFET's extremely low gate current. The result? Lower overall noise compared to the bipolar version. This structure is ideal for applications requiring improved signal integrity. (c) Driven Cascode – Lowest Distortion The final circuit goes a step further. Known as a driven cascode , this configuration virtually eliminates input capacitance through a bootstrapping effect created by the JFETs. Not only does this help reduce noise, but it also dramatically lowers intermodulation distortion—making it the cleanest option for precision analog designs. Whether you're working on sensitive instrumentation, high-end audio, or RF front ends, these cascode techniques can help you achieve cleaner signals and higher performance. 🔗Want to dive deeper? Check out our full LSK489 Application Note here: https://www.linearsystems.com/applicationnotes/lsk489-app-note